Loweruka pa Epulo 15, 1989, mafani pafupifupi 96 a Liverpool omwe adachita nawo semi-final ya FA Cup pakati pa Liverpool ndi Nottingham Forest adaphedwa pomwe kuphwanyidwa kudachitika pabwalo la Hillsborough ku Sheffield.Zopweteka kwambiri kwa mabanja a ozunzidwawo, ndondomeko yalamulo yotsimikizira zowona ndi kunena kuti ndi mlandu wa tsoka la Hillsborough lakhala likugwira kwa zaka zoposa 30.
Ndi anthu 96 omwe afa ndi kuvulala kwa 766, Hillsborough akadali tsoka lalikulu kwambiri lamasewera m'mbiri ya Britain.
Chakumapeto kwa chaka chino, sewero latsopano la ITV la Anne lifufuza zoyeserera za Anne Williams kuti adziwe zoona pa zomwe zidachitika, atakana kukhulupirira mbiri yovomerezeka ya imfa ya mwana wake wazaka 15 Kevin ku Hillsborough.
Apa, wolemba mbiri yamasewera a Simon Inglis akufotokoza momwe tsoka la Hillsborough lidachitikira komanso chifukwa chomwe nkhondo yotsimikizira kuti mafani a Liverpool adaphedwa mosaloledwa idatenga zaka zopitilira 27…
Mzaka zonse za 20th, FA Cup - yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1871 ndipo mosakayikira mpikisano wodziwika bwino kwambiri wa mpira wapadziko lonse lapansi - idakopa anthu ambiri.Zolemba za opezekapo zinali zofala.Wembley Stadium sakadapangidwa, monga zinaliri mu 1922-23, pakadapanda kukopa chidwi cha Cup Cup.
Mwachikhalidwe, ma semi-finals amakapu adaseweredwa m'malo osalowerera ndale, amodzi mwa otchuka kwambiri anali Hillsborough, kwawo kwa Sheffield Lachitatu.Ngakhale kuyitanidwa kwapafupi pomwe mafani 38 adavulala pamasewera omaliza mu 1981, Hillsborough, yokhala ndi anthu 54,000, idawonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazifukwa zabwino kwambiri ku Britain.
Momwemo, mu 1988 idakhala ndi semi ina, Liverpool v Nottingham Forest, popanda chochitika.Chifukwa chake zidawoneka ngati chisankho chodziwikiratu pomwe, mwangozi, magulu awiriwa adakokedwa kuti akumane mumpikisano womwewo patatha chaka chimodzi, pa 15 Epulo 1989.
Ngakhale kuti anali ndi mafani okulirapo, Liverpool, chowakwiyitsa, monga mu 1988, idagawira kanjira kakang'ono ka Leppings Lane End of Hillsborough, yokhala ndi timiyala tating'ono tomwe timachokera ku block imodzi ya ma turnstiles, ndi bwalo la owonera 10,100 oyimirira, omwe amafikira anthu asanu ndi awiri okha. zotembenuka.
Ngakhale pamiyezo ya tsikulo izi sizinali zokwanira ndipo zidapangitsa kuti opitilira 5,000 a Liverpool akukankhira panja pomwe nthawi ya 3pm imayandikira.Kukadakhala kuti chiyambi chamasewera chikanachedwetsedwa, kuphwanyidwa kukanatha kuyendetsedwa bwino.M'malo mwake, Woyang'anira Masewera a Apolisi aku South Yorkshire, a David Duckenfield, adalamula kuti zipata zotuluka zitsegulidwe, ndikulola mafani 2,000 kuti adutse.
Amene anakhotera kumanja kapena kumanzere kulowera ku zolembera zamakona anapeza malo.Komabe, ambiri adapita mosadziwa, popanda machenjezo ochokera kwa oyang'anira kapena apolisi, kupita ku cholembera chapakati chodzaza kale, chomwe chimafikiridwa kudzera mumsewu wautali wa 23m.
Msewuwo utadzaza, omwe anali kutsogolo kwa bwaloli adapeza atakanizidwa ndi mipanda yazitsulo, yomwe idamangidwa mu 1977 ngati njira yolimbana ndi uhuni.Chodabwitsa, ndi mafani akuvutika ndi apolisi (omwe anali ndi chipinda choyang'anizana ndi bwalo), masewerawo adayambika ndikupitirira kwa mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka kuyimitsidwa.
Monga zolembedwa ndi chikumbutso pabwalo la Anfield ku Liverpool, wozunzidwa kwambiri ku Hillsborough anali Jon-Paul Gilhooley wazaka 10, msuweni wa nyenyezi yamtsogolo ya Liverpool ndi England, Steven Gerrard.Wamkulu anali Gerard Baron wazaka 67, wogwira ntchito ku positi wopuma pantchito.Mchimwene wake wamkulu Kevin adasewera Liverpool mu Final Cup ya 1950.
Anthu asanu ndi aŵiri mwa akufawo anali akazi, kuphatikizapo alongo awo achichepere, Sarah ndi Vicki Hicks, amene atate awo analinso pamsasapo ndipo amayi awo anaona ngoziyo ikuchitika kuchokera kufupi ndi North Stand.
Mu Lipoti lake Lomaliza, mu Januwale 1990, Lord Justice Taylor adapereka malingaliro angapo, odziwika bwino omwe anali oti onse akuluakulu atembenuzidwe kukhala okhala okha.Koma chofunikira kwambiri, adapatsanso akuluakulu oyang'anira mpira ndi makalabu udindo wokulirapo pakuwongolera unyinji, pomwe akulimbikitsa apolisi kuti aziphunzitsidwa bwino komanso kuwongolera anthu bwino ndikulimbikitsa ubale wabwino.Ambiri mwa okonda mpira omwe adangotuluka kumene panthawiyo adakangana, osalakwa, omvera malamulo adatopa kuchitidwa ngati zigawenga.
Pulofesa Phil Scraton, yemwe nkhani yake yoyipa, Hillsborough - Chowonadi idasindikizidwa patadutsa zaka 10 tsiku loyipa litatha, adayankha ambiri pomwe amafunsa apolisi omwe amayendetsa mipanda."Kukuwa ndi kuchonderera kosiyidwa ... zinali zomveka kuchokera panjira yozungulira."Othirira ndemanga ena adawona momwe akuluakulu akumaloko adachitira nkhanza chifukwa cha Strike ya Miners, zaka zisanu m'mbuyomo.
Koma mawonekedwe owopsa kwambiri adagwera pa Match Commander wa apolisi, David Duckenfield.Anapatsidwa ntchitoyo masiku 19 okha zisanachitike, ndipo iyi inali masewera ake oyamba kulamulira.
Kutengera mwachidule zomwe apolisi adauza, The Sun idadzudzula mafani a Liverpool chifukwa cha tsoka la Hillsborough, kuwadzudzula kuti adaledzera, ndipo nthawi zina amalepheretsa dala kuyankha mwadzidzidzi.Akuti mafani adakodzera wapolisi, ndipo ndalama zidabedwa kwa omwe adazunzidwa.Usiku wonse The Dzuwa lidapeza pariah pa Merseyside.
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sanali wokonda mpira.M'malo mwake, poyankha kuchulukirachulukira pamasewera m'zaka za m'ma 1980 boma lake linali mkati mokhazikitsa lamulo lomwe linali lovuta kwambiri la Football Spectators' Act, lofuna kuti mafani onse alowe nawo mu chiwembu chokakamiza cha zitupa.A Thatcher adapita ku Hillsborough tsiku lotsatira tsokalo ndi mlembi wake atolankhani Bernard Ingham ndi Secretary of Home Douglas Hurd, koma adangolankhula ndi apolisi ndi akuluakulu akumaloko.Adapitilizabe kubweza zomwe apolisi adachita ngakhale Lipoti la Taylor litawulula mabodza awo.
Komabe, pomwe zolakwika zomwe zidachitika mu Football Spectators' Act zidayamba kuonekera, mawu ake adasinthidwa kuti agogomeze kwambiri zachitetezo chamabwalo m'malo mongowonera.Koma kunyansidwa kwa Akazi a Thatcher pa mpira sikunayiwale konse ndipo, poopa kuti anthu abwereranso, magulu ambiri adakana kulola kuti chete kwa mphindi imodzi kuti adziwe imfa yake mu 2013. Sir Bernard Ingham, panthawiyi, adapitilizabe kutsutsa mafanizi a Liverpool mpaka posachedwa 2016.
Zopweteka kwambiri mabanja a ozunzidwawo, ndondomeko yalamulo yotsimikizira zowona ndi kunena kuti ali ndi mlandu wakhalapo kwa zaka 30.
Mu 1991 oweruza m'khothi la coroner adapeza ndi chigamulo chambiri cha 9-2 mokomera imfa mwangozi.Kuyesera konse kubwereza chigamulocho kunalephereka.Mu 1998 a Hillsborough Family Support Group anayambitsa mlandu wachinsinsi wa Duckenfield ndi wachiwiri wake, koma izinso sizinaphule kanthu.Pomaliza, m'chaka chokumbukira zaka 20 boma lidalengeza kuti gulu lodziyimira palokha la Hillsborough likhazikitsidwa.Izi zidatenga zaka zitatu kuti atsimikizire kuti Duckenfield ndi maofesala ake adanama kuti apandutse mlandu kwa mafani.
Kufufuzidwa kwatsopano kudalamulidwa, kutengera zaka zina ziwiri kuti oweruza asinthe chigamulo cha a coroners oyambilira ndikugamula mu 2016 kuti ozunzidwawo adaphedwa mosaloledwa.
Duckenfield pamapeto pake adazengedwa mlandu ku Preston Crown Court mu Januware 2019, koma oweruza adalephera kupereka chigamulo.Pozengedwa mlandu pambuyo pake chaka chomwechi, ngakhale adavomereza kuti ananama, komanso mosatengera zomwe Taylor Report adapeza, kupusa kwa mabanja a Hillsborough a Duckenfield adamasulidwa pamlandu wonyalanyaza kupha munthu.
Pokana kukhulupirira mbiri yovomerezeka ya imfa ya mwana wake wamwamuna wa zaka 15 Kevin ku Hillsborough, Anne Willams, wogwira ntchito m'sitolo ku Formby, adalimbana ndi kampeni yake yosalekeza.Kasanu kuchonderera kwake kuti awunikenso mpaka mu 2012 gulu lodziyimira pawokha la Hillsborough lidaunika umboni womwe adapeza - ngakhale analibe maphunziro azamalamulo - ndikuphwanya chigamulo choyambirira cha imfa mwangozi.
Ndi umboni wochokera kwa wapolisi yemwe adapita kwa mwana wake wovulala kwambiri, Williams adatha kutsimikizira kuti Kevin adakhalabe ndi moyo mpaka 4pm pa tsiku - patapita nthawi 3.15pm adadula mfundo yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi coroner yoyamba - ndipo motero apolisi ndi ambulansi. utumiki unalephera pa ntchito yawo ya chisamaliro."Izi ndi zomwe ndidamenyera nkhondo," adauza a David Conn a The Guardian, m'modzi mwa atolankhani ochepa omwe adalemba nkhani yonse yazamalamulo."Sindidzataya mtima."Mwatsoka, anamwalira ndi khansa patangopita masiku ochepa.
Pankhani yalamulo, zikuwoneka kuti ayi.Chidwi cha ochita kampeni tsopano chatembenukira ku kukweza 'Lamulo la Hillsborough'.Ngati itavomerezedwa, Bungwe la Public Authority (Accountability) Bill lidzapereka udindo kwa ogwira ntchito m'boma kuti azichita zinthu zokomera anthu nthawi zonse, momveka bwino, momasuka komanso momasuka, komanso kuti mabanja oferedwa apeze ndalama zoimirira pamilandu m'malo mofuna kukweza malamulo. malipiro okha.Koma kuwerengedwanso kwachiwiri kwa biluyo kwachedwa - lamuloli silinapitirire ku nyumba yamalamulo kuyambira 2017.
Ochita kampeni ku Hillsborough akuchenjeza kuti zomwezo zomwe zidalepheretsa kuyesayesa kwawo zikubwerezedwanso pankhani ya Grenfell Tower.
Mvetserani kwa womanga mapulani a Peter Deakins akukambirana za kutenga nawo gawo pakupanga nsanja ya Grenfell tower block ndikuganizira malo ake m'mbiri yanyumba zachitukuko ku Britain:
Kwambiri.Lipoti la Taylor linanena kuti zifukwa zazikulu ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa 1994, komanso kuti udindo wa akuluakulu a boma uyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi Bungwe la Football Licensing Authority (kuyambira pamene linatchedwa Sports Grounds Safety Authority).Njira zatsopano zokhudzana ndi zosowa zamankhwala, kulumikizana ndi wailesi, kuyang'anira ndi kasamalidwe ka chitetezo tsopano zakhala zokhazikika.Chofunikira ndichakuti chitetezo tsopano ndi udindo wa oyendetsa masitediyamu, osati apolisi.Ma semi-finals onse a FA Cup tsopano akuchitikira ku Wembley.
Isanafike 1989 panali masoka ku Ibrox Park, Glasgow mu 1902 (26 akufa), Bolton mu 1946 (33 akufa), Ibrox kachiwiri mu 1971 (66 akufa) ndi Bradford mu 1985 (56 akufa).Pakati pawo panali anthu enanso ambiri omwe anafa kwawokha komanso pafupi ndi malowa.
Kuyambira Hillsborough sipanakhalepo ngozi zazikulu pabwalo la mpira waku Britain.Koma monga momwe Taylor adachenjezera, mdani wamkulu wachitetezo ndi wodekha.
Simon Inglis ndi mlembi wa mabuku angapo okhudza mbiri yamasewera ndi mabwalo amasewera.Adanenanso za zotsatira za Hillsborough za The Guardian and Observer, ndipo mu 1990 adasankhidwa kukhala membala wa Football Licensing Authority.Iye wakonza zolembedwa ziwiri za The Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds, ndipo kuyambira 2004 wakhala mkonzi wa mndandanda wa Played in Britain for English Heritage (www.playedinbritain.co.uk).
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-30-2020